Working Paper: CEPR ID: DP6058
Authors: Alan Manning; Barbara Petrongolo
Abstract: Women in Britain who work part-time have, on average, hourly earnings about 25% less than that of women working full-time. This gap has widened greatly over the past 30 years. This paper tries to explain this part-time pay penalty. It shows that a sizeable part of the penalty can be explained by the differing characteristics of FT and PT women. Inclusion of standard demographics halves the estimate of the pay penalty. But inclusion of occupation makes the pay penalty very small, suggesting that almost the entire unexplained gap is due to occupational segregation. The rise in the pay penalty over time is partly a result of a rise in occupational segregation and partly the general rise in wage inequality. Policies to reduce the pay penalty have had little effect and it is likely that it will not change much unless better jobs can be made available on a part-time basis.
Keywords: Occupational Segregation; Part-Time Work; Wage Differentials
JEL Codes: J24; J31; J62
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Part-time status (J22) | Part-time pay penalty (PTPP) (J33) |
| Occupational segregation (J79) | Part-time pay penalty (PTPP) (J33) |
| Demographics, education, occupation, and industry (J21) | Part-time pay penalty (PTPP) (J33) |
| Part-time pay penalty (PTPP) without controlling for occupation (J79) | Part-time pay penalty (PTPP) with controlling for occupation (J31) |
| Policies aimed at reducing PTPP (F13) | Change in PTPP (O39) |