Working Paper: CEPR ID: DP3227
Authors: Ritva Reinikka; Jakob Svensson
Abstract: Using panel data from an unique survey of public primary schools in Uganda we assess the degree of leakage of public funds in education. The survey data reveal that on average, during the period 1991-95, schools received only 13% of what the central government contributed to the schools? non-wage expenditures. The bulk of the allocated spending was either used by public officials for purposes unrelated to education or captured for private gain (leakage). Moreover, we find that resource flows and leakages are endogenous to schools socio-political endowment. Rather than being passive recipients of flows from government, schools use their bargaining power vis-a-vis other parts of government to secure greater shares of funding. These results have clear implications for research. The survey findings also had a direct impact on policy.
Keywords: corruption; leakage; public expenditure tracking survey; school funding
JEL Codes: C81; D73; H52; I22
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| central government's allocation of funds (H77) | school expenditures (H52) |
| public officials misappropriating funds (H57) | school expenditures (H52) |
| sociopolitical context of schools (I24) | resource flows and leakages (Q37) |
| schools leverage their bargaining power (L14) | resource flows and leakages (Q37) |