Working Paper: CEPR ID: DP157
Authors: Heather Joshi; Marielouise Newell
Abstract: The MRC's survey of the 1946 birth cohort recorded hourly pay at ages 26 and 32. Among those men employed, pay varied not only by the sex of the recipient but also by the existence of family responsibilities. Among women, employed mothers received lower average pay than women without children. Regression analysis (allowing for possible selection bias among females surveyed) suggests that this is attributable to other variables - lower qualifications, interrupted employment records and different types of job (arguably reflecting their lower bargaining power in the labour market). The same factors also account for the smaller margin between the pay of single and married women. The pay of married men significantly exceeded that of bachelors, but there was no apparent difference between the earnings of fathers and those of other male employees. The possibility that the higher pay of married men reflects selection processes in the marriage market is discussed but not strongly supported. The pay gap between mothers and other childless women represented over 30 per cent of mothers' average pay. Our analysis suggests that about 15 per cent (or up to half the gap) was a consequence of women's maternal responsibilities. The unexplained gap between childless women and men was somewhat greater. The compounding effects of labour market discrimination and the unequal division of family responsibilities between men and women imply that the goal of equal opportunities for women requires measures which act on both fronts.
Keywords: male and female earnings; family responsibilities; marital status; equal opportunities; opportunity cost of childbearing
JEL Codes: 822; 824; 840
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| family responsibilities (J12) | pay differentials (J31) |
| lower qualifications, interrupted employment records, job types (J63) | pay gap for employed mothers (J16) |
| maternal responsibilities (J13) | pay gap for employed mothers (J16) |
| marital status (J12) | earnings of married men (J31) |
| fatherhood (J12) | earnings of married men (J31) |
| childless women (J19) | pay differentials compared to men (J31) |