Working Paper: CEPR ID: DP14355
Authors: Andreas Fagereng; Martin Holm; Benjamin Moll; Gisle James Natvik
Abstract: Do wealthier households save a larger share of their incomes than poorer ones? We use Norwegian administrative panel data on income and wealth to answer this empirical question. The relation between saving rates and wealth crucially depends on whether saving includes capital gains. Saving rates net of capital gains ("net saving rates") are approximately constant across the wealth distribution. However, saving rates including capital gains ("gross saving rates") increase markedly with wealth. The proximate explanation is that wealthier households own assets that experience persistent capital gains which they hold onto instead of selling them off to consume ("saving by holding"). These joint patterns for net and gross saving rates challenge canonical models of household wealth accumulation. They are instead consistent with theories in which time-varying discount rates or portfolio adjustment frictions keep households from realizing capital gains. Between 1995 and 2015 Norway’s aggregate wealth-to-income ratio rose from approximately 4 to 7. "Saving by holding" accounts for up to 80 percent of this increase.
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Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| wealth (D14) | gross saving rates (D14) |
| wealth (D14) | net saving rates (D14) |
| capital gains (H24) | gross saving rates (D14) |
| capital gains (H24) | wealth accumulation (E21) |
| saving behavior (D14) | wealth accumulation (E21) |
| wealth (D14) | saving rates (E43) |