Working Paper: CEPR ID: DP13436
Authors: Neil Cummins
Abstract: This paper analyses a newly constructed individual level dataset of every English death and probate from 1892-2016. The estimated top wealth shares match closely existing estimates. However, this analysis clearly shows that the 20th century's `Great Equalization' of wealth stalled in mid-century. The probate rate, which captures the proportion of English with any significant wealth at death rose from 10% in the 1890s to 40% by 1950 and has stagnated to 2016. Despite the large declines in the wealth share of the top 1%, from 73% to 20%, the median English person died with almost nothing throughout. All changes in inequality after 1950 involve a reshuffling of wealth within the top 30%. Further, I find that a log-linear distribution fits the empirical data better than a Pareto power law. Finally, I show that the top wealth shares are increasingly and systematically male as one ascends in wealth, 1892-1992, but this has equalized over the 20th century.
Keywords: inequality; economic history; big data
JEL Codes: N00; N33; N34; D31
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| wealth distribution (D31) | top wealth shares (D33) |
| probate rate (K36) | wealth distribution (D31) |
| wealth distribution (D31) | reshuffling of wealth (D31) |
| gender (J16) | wealth distribution (D31) |
| time (C41) | wealth distribution (D31) |